OpenDRIVE was developed from a Daimler Corporation description of roads, a format known as DRIVE. The experimental data and model source codes are provided as supplementary materials. OpenDRIVE OpenDRIVE was released in January 2006 as the need for scale and growth of road networks modeling escalated. Additionally, an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) modeling approach was also proposed to achieve higher accuracy in mapping expander performance for use in system simulation. bearings, tip-seals and other sources of friction.
A well known model available in the literature was extended to account for the major frictional losses in a scroll machine, i.e. Besides the experimental work, the performance of the expander was characterized by means of a semi-empirical model to break-down the different loss terms. For the same heat source, the maximum expander power output was 3.75 kW for an imposed specific volume ratio of 6.55 and rotational speed of 2500 rpm. The scroll expander achieved a maximum overall isentropic efficiency of 0.58 for the temperature source of 110 ☌, for the imposed specific volume ratio of 6.12 at rotational speed of 1600 rpm. The experimental data consisted of 75 data points that were used to map the oil-free operation of the scroll expander over five expander rotational speeds (from 800 rpm to 3000 rpm). Extension mechanisms allow customization and support of a variety of use cases.
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The expander had a nominal capacity of 5 kW, built-in volume ratio of 3.5, and was integrated into an ORC test-rig with R245fa as working fluid. NDS offers a set of online and offline tools that cover multiple areas of application starting with defining the standard up till analyzing and transforming NDS maps. In this work, an experimental evaluation of a newly designed open-drive oil-free scroll expander was performed. Although a number of researchers have investigated the use of scroll compressors as expanders, very little work has been carried out in modeling and investigating the performance of oil-free expanders. In the low power output range (<10 kW), scroll expanders are cost-effective. The efficiency of an ORC is highly dependent on its expander performance. In particular, low-grade waste heat recovery (WHR) (<150 ☌) can be effectively exploited with such systems.
Organic Rankine cycles (ORCs) are thermodynamic power cycles designed to generate work from a wide range of heat source conditions.
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